Portrait and a Dream Essay

Abstract expressionists, James Pollock created an abstract full of symbolically hidden messages, called The Portrait and a Dream, 1953.   First impressions that are given off by this painting sends messages of confusion, anger, hopeless dreams, perhaps the inner thought and feelings of the artists when he made the abstract. The art work portrays someone who furiously scribbled many lines across the canvas in no controlled manner, working from hostile and angry emotions. If music was made to match this painting, it would not be smooth jazz or classical, but like rap with an angry fast techno beat producing violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When considering the title of the painting, and looking at the line arrangements, Pollock was telling a story about his frustrations over empty dreams. Dull, plain off color canvas is chosen as the background for this art. To the right is a very black and Halloween orange colored head, perhaps an indication of what is going on in his mind as he was painting; or it could be a resemblance of him in his sleep at night. The main theme or point behind this painting appears to send messages to let someone know this person is upset. Many artists write songs, create paintings, choreograph dances to get certain points to someone who has made them upset. Pollock seems to be sending an underlying message to one person, a person who somehow blocked him from his achievements, even though many people are fascinated with this abstract. To the center gearing to the right, is an eye that can be of human form. The rest of the face takes on the identity of an animal, perhaps a wild cat. The selected mixture of autumn colors with hidden images of a cat peaking through to the audience implies this painting applies to Halloween, or fall season. The overall shape of the Halloween colored ball or head has a few stray extensions leading away from the ball. The head is looking toward the mass of confusion, on the left side of the painting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the left side, is many scribbled black lines, portraying confusion, or despair. The black fills in some of the empty spaces overseeing the left side of the portrait. Most of the painting is hollowed or emptied, just lines zigzagging and crossing one another. A couple of potential faces are drawn into the scrambled lines. One of the faces centers the overall portrait, another is found at the bottom right side.   The face centering the portrait has clenched teeth, the eyes resemble anger. The potential face at the bottom right very much looks like a skeleton with cross bones, the national symbol for poison or danger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Looking at the overall view of this painting, the round colored object on the right of the painting is smaller than the confused lines on the left side of the painting. The drawing portion of the art fills up most of the space, dividing into two separate forms, lays against a solid background. The circular object on the right side resembling his own head, revealing the inner secretive contents looking out at the painting resembling confusion, indicates that his confusion, despair and hopelessness is , perhaps to much for him to bear. The interpretations of this painting can be limitless. However, anyone can look at this painting, instantly recognize this painting is not conveying a pleasant, peaceful or calm tonality.   Lack of bright contrasting colors may portray images or ideas that are the total opposite of confusion. Someone else may interpret the hidden meanings of the abstract portrait as lots of energy, or hyperactivity, unable to sit still or even a pleasant excitement.

The Modern Business Management

Modern business management can be complicated; it is often as much about instinct as it is about policy. A manager can tell if his or her firm needs improvement in control through a variety of benchmarks: quality, profitability, morale, the performance of individuals within the organization, and the overall performance of the firm in respect to competitors (Gibson, et al, 2003). If improvement is needed, the manager can tell if improvement is needed in several key areas, and steps can be taken for improvement, as follows: Operational: If there is an identified problem within the inner workings of the organization, such as inefficiencies in purchasing, logistics, accounting, etc, this is indicative of operational deficiency that needs to be improved. Managers can implement operational improvements by empowering the work teams in these given areas to provide feedback about their tasks, offer improvements and so forth. This information can be combined with process improvements such as lean principles to provide efficiency and better operations. Financial: Financial problems are detected through the accounting process, and can be caused by excessive costs, insufficient revenue, or a combination of both. To correct financial problems, managers can wisely cut costs through productivity improvement and increase revenues through increased sales activity. Structural: Structural problems emerge commonly when the different strategic business units do not work well together to achieve the goals of the organization, supervisors are not reaching established goals, and individual employees are deficient in a given area or areas. These problems can be corrected by management through personnel changes, a change to the company structure itself, or steps to improve the performance of the ineffective employee(s). Strategic: Problems of a strategic nature are seen when the organization is not performing according to established goals, seems to lack direction, and has problems competing against other firms. This can be corrected through evaluation of the currents strategic plan, and improving the plan or developing another if needed. This process should include staff members from all of the strategic units within the firm itself. In its most basic form, quality has been defined as the essential goodness of a product (Evans and Lindsay, 2003). While this definition is easy to understand, it is vague and ineffective when discussing quality within the scope of the modern business environment. A practical, yet simple definition of quality is that quality exists when products or services meet the expectations of the customer for their given purpose. As an example, a disposable cigarette lighter need only be durable enough to provide reliable service until the fuel within it is exhausted. This quality definition reflects back to the classic business assertion that a light bulb can be made to last 100+ years (in fact, an Edison prototype still lights today) but the price of such an item is beyond what someone is willing to pay for the given utility of the ordinary light bulb. This brings up another interesting point that a given quality level is also necessary in order to offer a product or service at a price that the customer is willing to pay based on perceived value. This quality definition affects managers' behavior because quality control initiatives do not need to exceed the given level of quality that is sought. This affects the strategic planning the manager will undertake, operational costs, the structure of the organization, etc. Overall, quality shapes the organization and the management style of the organization as well.

Discuss the appeal of ‘The Crucible’ Essay

English Literature Coursework: ‘The Crucible’ by Arthur Miller Discuss the appeal of ‘The Crucible’ to its audience ‘The Crucible’ is a 20th century play that focuses on the Salem witchcraft trials of 1692. These events led to mass hysteria over the persecution of those who, allegedly, participated in acts of incantation. Over-exaggeration, emotion, tautness, suspense and the eradication of characters (due to their alleged involvement in witchcraft) are the main themes of the play throughout the four volatile scenes of ‘The Crucible’. The audience observing would be enticed by the mood swings of characters and their persecution for such crimes in the theocratic village, where interrogated citizens in the dense society were forced to name other possible witches. If they failed to produce names of others, they would be hanged ruthlessly. The inhabitants of Salem believed in witches and the Devil and that the Bible had instructed them that witches must be hanged. A feeling of inequity is sensed here. The events of the play, first performed in England in 1954, are analogous to the McCarthy era in the USA , where anyone suspected of criticising the government or its direction was to be brought before a court to respond to the charge of ‘Un-American Activities’. The opening scene in ‘The Crucible’ immediately gives the audience a feeling of a sinister and lifeless atmosphere: A candle still burns near the bed †¦ The roof rafters are exposed, and the wood colours are raw and unmellowed. Reverend Parris is discovered †¦ , evidently in prayer. His daughter †¦ is lying on the bed, inert. (Act One, p1) The candle beside the bed indicates a slight source of light, perhaps hope that Betty will wake. The environment around is silent. The rafters are bare, and the wood is: ‘raw’. The Reverend is peacefully in prayer and his daughter is lying, as if lifeless, on the bed. A prayer is a silent act which emphasises the mood of the room. The imagery illustrates a dark, dull and demoralising sector of the Reverend’s home. The description of the stage in the opening scene creates a false impression for the audience as the majority observing the play would now expect a lethargic plot, with limited excitement and monotonous dialogue with little emotion, but actually it is a play full of overdramatic behaviour and emotion.

The Luck of Roaring Camp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Luck of Roaring Camp - Essay Example (Harte, 1886, p. 1) The story is set in the 1850’s where a band of men living in the foothills of the Sierra Hills were brought together by one common goal of mining gold in the region. However, when the town’s prostitute, Cherokee Sal, died giving birth to a baby boy, all the men in the camp were shaken for birth was an uncommon occurrence in the region. They were all fascinated by the baby and this marked the start of a beautiful metamorphosis, where the men at the camp not only assumed responsibility for the infant but began to make radical changes in their appearance and lifestyle to provide a comfortable home to the boy, who was later christened as Thomas Luck by the townsfolk. This was one time, when the townspeople got their act together and took care of Luck in the best possible way. They wanted to give him â€Å"the best that money could buy† and strangely enough, the infant was loved and nurtured by this uncultured band of men (Harte, 1886, p. 3). The most profound instance of budding paternal affection is depicted, when the new born Luck holds on to Old Kentuck’s finger that thoroughly embarrasses the man, but he is unable to hide the deep surge of emotion and joy that flushes over him and he relates that event to every man in the camp. The men then find ways to bond with each other and even decide to welcome visitors in this otherwise secluded, notorious town. All the men in the camp began taking extra care of their hygiene and there was a marked fall in the number of profanities that spewed out of every mouth. They were truly trying to be the best father figures for young Luck and despite the fact that fate had a different plan for the Townspeople but it sheds great light on human nature on how they can turn from wild men to protective, responsible adults as soon as an infant made its entry into their lives. Kentuck dies saving the

The lawyer profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The lawyer profession - Essay Example Thus, countries like the United Kingdom and Australia have taken this issue seriously and have made amendments to lawyer’s regulations. More accurately, they have taken challenges related to new technology seriously in order to stay shoulder to shoulder with these new developments . The Task Force on the Future of the legal Profession in The United State recommends, "NYSBA’s Committee on Standards of Attorney Conduct should study and make recommendations concerning the ethical and risk management considerations associated with new technologies such as social networking, third party hosted solutions, and virtual law firms." This recommendation leads us to the same conclusion. It confirms the impact of globalization on the local legal market and private practice. More importantly, it shows the importance of updating the law with these new progresses. However, law practice management is centered around four key elements which are Law Firm Structure and Billing, Educating a nd Training New Lawyers, Work-life Integration, and Technology. On this paper, I will be focusing on one of the key element, which is law firm structure. Saudi Arabia has many problems relating to these four key elements of law practice management stated above. However, I have chosen to talk about the problem of law firm structure where an amendment to the law discussing law firm structure, particularly, partnership between lawyers, will have a significant impact on the other three elements. Additionally, it will be of benefit to the legal market in general. The Saudi Code of Law Practice is only ten years old.4 The legal profession prior to the issuance of the Code of Law practice was known as Agent profession â€Å"Mehnat Alwakalah.† The laws used to govern lawyers were grouped into eleven articles, eight of which are mentioned in the Organization of Administrative Functions in the Shari’ah Court System (from Article 59 until 66).5 Three of the articles were referred to in the Law for Centralizing Responsibilities in the Shari’ah Court System. 6 One of the most important rules embodied in those articles was the rule that allows those who do not hold law or Shari’ah degree to become lawyers.7 This continued until the enactment of the Law of Procedure before Shari’ah Courts, under the Royal Decree No. M/21, in 19 August 2000. Article 265 of the Law of Procedure Before Shari’ah Courts statues, â€Å"This Law shall supersede the Organization of Administrative Functions in the Shari’ah Court System, sanctioned by Royal Approval No. 109, dated 24 Muharram 1371 [14 October 1952], as well as Articles (52, 66, 82, 83, 85) and (84 regarding civil cases), and 85 of the Law for Centralizing Responsibilities in the Shari’ah Court System, sanctioned by Royal Approval No. 109, dated 24 Muharram 1372 [14 October 1952], and whatever provisions that are inconsistent therewith.† The lawyer profession that exists today in Saudi Arabia existed hundreds of years ago in the Islamic empires Ottoman and Abbasid. More notably, there is evidence to suggest that lawyers exis ted before that.8 Before 1932, Saudi Arabia was known as the Arab Peninsula. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded by the King Abdul-Aziz bin Saud in 1932.9 Before that time, Islamic law was the main source of law that governed lawyers in the Arab Peninsula. In Islamic law, lawyers used to be called Litigation Agents (Wakel Blkosomah). Many Islamic books discuss the rights and obligations of Litigation Agents and other issues related to their profession.10 The United States is the world’s largest service market and was the worlds’ largest cross border exporter and importer of services in 2009.11 Thus, it

Managing the Economy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing the Economy - Research Paper Example Basic Income Tax Rate (% points) 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 Real Income Tax Allows (Index, 1995=100) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 VAT Rate (% points) 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 Employers NICs Rate (% points) 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Interest Rates (% points) 6.2 6.0 6.0 5.4 4.1 Real Unemp. Benefits (Index 1995=100) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 DM / Exchange Rate 2.67 2.63 2.58 2.55 2.55 SETTING OF MAIN POLICY INSTRUMENTS IN THE REVISED FORECAST 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Govt Capital Expdt ( bn,1995 prices) 10.1 11.2 12.7 14.4 15.0 Govt Current Expdt ( bn,1995 prices) 149.7 152.4 155.8 159.4 162.0 Basic Income Tax Rate (% points) 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 Real Income Tax Allows (Index, 1995=100) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 VAT Rate (% points) 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 Employers NICs Rate (% points) 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Interest Rates (% points) 6.2 6.0 6.0 5.4 4.1 Real Unemp. Benefits (Index 1995=100) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 There is no change made in the Main policy instruments between the base forecast and the revised ones. This is the effect of the changes to the assumptions which has been made. 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 GDP (growth, % pa) -1.1 -2.0 -1.1 -0.0...High growth rates and high inflation rates go together. All these are the result of the rise in Oil price which is almost three times in the first two years of reckoning and more than twice in the next three years. The effect of these interlinked parameters has an impact on the other economic performances. Analysis: The GDP growth shows a negative figure due to the steep increase in the world oil price and in the substantial decrease in the rate of growth of the World trade (0.8%) during 1999. The figures saw themselves stabilizing during the subsequent period in 2000 with a growth rate of 3% which made the GDP growth rate 0. With a lowered growth rate, during the 1999 and 2000 this can be seen as a period of recession and the rest of the period from 2000 to 2003, there is a slow regaining resulting in lowering of the unemployment by the end of 2003. Inflationary tendency in the market comes down over this regaining period beyond 2000 while the earnings go up as indicated by the earnings inflation figure which shows an increase towards the end of the period. Current account holding has come down while at the same time, the strengthening of the DM indicates an advantage trade situation for sterling towards export of commodities and services rather than import of these services. i) A negative GDP growth rate was noticed in the earlier cases.

(Technology Supporting Business Processes 2 ) Assignment

(Technology Supporting Business Processes 2 ) - Assignment Example This has been through a number of aspects. First, the use of information system in businesses has largely shaped the decisions. Reason being; it can deliver all information needed. Consequently, with the availability of updated information business can make informed decisions. For example, in the event that the business owners are to choose between two factors, the system derives key indicators (costs, income, etc) for both. Therefore, this will result into making a choice that will be more efficient and competitive (How Information System Impact Organizations and Businesses, 2013). Second, the use of information system in business setting has influenced increased productivity. This is because automation of the process in a business increases the production speed. Moreover, this shifts employees’ attention to other duties that require critical thinking. Consequently, this makes the business more competitive. Furthermore, information system reduces the number of workers. As a result, the business will minimize expenses and increase profitability (Goessl, 2010). Third, information systems provide an efficient and effective way to store data. This enables quick accessibility. As a result, costs associated with setting up storage units are minimized (Doom, 2010). In conclusion, it is evident that through the incorporation of information business system, businesses are positively affected. This is because it minimizes costs associated with the production. Consequently, this ensures that businesses are competitive. Goessl, L. (2010, February). Advantages of Using Information System in Business. Retrieved July Thursday, 2014, from Inside Business: http://www.insidebusiness360.com/index.php/advantages-of-using-information-systems-in-business-14410/ How Information System Impact Organizations and Businesses. (2013). Retrieved July Thursday, 2014, from Slide

Apple Computer, Inc. iPhone and Apple TV Assignment

Apple Computer, Inc. iPhone and Apple TV - Assignment Example In an effort to improve their software products, Apple partnered with Motorola and IBM to produce a power PC chip to run the PowerMacs. Despite this effort, losses in the company increased during 1996 and 1997. While Apple was trying to market its products, a number of competitors emerged in the technological field. This was attributed to the rapid changing entertainment industry. An example of such a company is Got Voice Company, which allows users to record and send voicemail messages in MP3 format to their email accounts, a free service, challenges Apple’s Visual Voicemail on the iPhone. Apple’s effort to expand its business to include more media and software is likely to face challenges. This is an effort to maintain its tech savvy image in the production of its products. The unique design in its products has established a large customer base, which will place more pressure on Apple’s design team. Dimensions along Which Company Success Can be Measured To be a ble to measure Apple’s success, a number of measures can be used. From a financial perspective, Apple’s revenues can be used to indicate its success. These revenues vary depending on the product and region. For instance, Apple’s net income in 2007 from digital music amounted to $3.5 billion. In addition, other financial criteria that can be used include cash flow records, debts and net income. Customers can also be used as a measure of Apple’s success. This covers the market share, growth and customer satisfaction. By 2007, Apple controlled more than 70 percent of the digital music market. In terms of growth, Apple is aiming to capture at least 1 percent of the global cell phone market. Customer satisfaction is evident from Apple’s huge following of its tech savvy products. Another criterion to be used as a measure of Apple’s success includes its internal business processes that cover product quality, marketing effectiveness, inventory contr ol, cost management and margins. Consequently, Apple’s success can be measured through the introduction of new products such as iPad, Apple television, iPod, iPhone and iTunes. Furthermore, these new products indicate Apple’s advancement in technology and their efforts in research and development of new and innovative products. Moreover, Apple’s strategic agreements with various companies indicate that it has grown. These include agreements with Volkswagen, Nike, Burton Snowboards and Starbucks. These agreements include Apple’s iPhone product. This affiliation with different companies has increased customers confidence in Apple’s products. Critical External and Internal Environment Factors Strengths Internal factors that have an impact on Apple’s future depend on the assets and competence within the company. Some of its strengths include its global presence, brand image, strong media content and a synergistic portfolio. The iPod has penetrat ed about 70 percent of the digital music market and continues to grow due to its high sales in the portable digital music industry. Recent studies reveal that Apple has opened more than 200 retail stores worldwide. These retail stores have contributed an estimated $200 million. Apple’s ability to penetrate the global market has made it provide high tech products. These products have gained acceptance in different cultures across the world. Apple’

Explanation of I Believe That Deep Down All Human Beings Are Really Essay

Explanation of I Believe That Deep Down All Human Beings Are Really Good Quote by Anne Frank - Essay Example The Holocaust, which claimed the writer’s life, involved the killing of hundreds of thousands of innocent Jews. The author believed that the evil would soon end, and peace would prevail. She had the belief that the people who were undertaking the massacre would come to their mind and realize the harm that they cause, realizing the good that is still in their hearts. The quote means that people have two sides, the good and the bad, and no matter how the evil side is, the good side can still be portrayed. I disagree with this quote. People do certainly have good sides, but they do not apply to everybody that they interact with. For this quote to be applicable to all humans, people would be considering the implications of their actions on others before undertaking these activities. In the worst scenario, if all humans had some good on them, they would see how other people are suffering and have empathy for them. The mere assumption that humans are capable of changing does not mean that everybody can. Some people are stuck in beliefs that good will happen to them if they commit heinous actions. There are occurrences that prove not all humans have good in them. One critical phenomenon is the historical Johnstown massacre in the US 1978 which claimed the lives of over 900 people (The Guardian, n.p). The cult leader Jim Jones forced his followed to drink poisoned juice. Those who declined were injected with the poisoned or shot dead (The Guardian, n.p). Another issue that proves not all humans have good in them is the presence of terrorist organizations such as ISIS. The ISIS members behead people and kill people in painful and horrible ways. If these people had any slight good in them, these atrocities would not be happening. Â  

Business Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Environment - Assignment Example To meet their objectives and sustain the shareholders, a business may raise the dividend amount so as to offer satisfactory returns to this category of stakeholders. However, shareholders should not always expect huge returns; there is always an extent beyond a company may not go, depending on the economical status and market forces (Daphne, 2015, p.3). The objective of the government as one of the stakeholders is to ensure the operations of a business are ethically carried out and that taxation policies are adhered to. To meet this objective, an organisation must ensure that a business license is obtained before commencing its operations. It must observe regular and timely tax payment. However, higher taxation may lead to a downfall of business (Daphne, 2015, p.5). Government must, therefore, consider market structure and make its taxation as flexible as possible. The objectives of customers are sometimes very challenging to meet due to their compounded nature. Customers have put higher expectations on the product price, quality, quantity, taste, branding, taste and other related aspects of a product. A business owes customers all these duties. Depending on the level of competition and product differentiation, an organisation may not meet the exact needs of customers; one quality will always be missing. The very quality may be found in another product from a different organisation. Market structures are several interconnected factors that bind the seller, the buyers and the products. Normally, the type of market faced by a business firm will determine its decision on pricing and level of output. It should be noted that a business is never free to set the prices of its products; the pricing is always dependant of the preexisting forces in the market. It, thus, implies that the limit of profit is always a subject of the market structures (Ciliberto, 2009, p.180). The flexibility of a

New guideline explores professionalism in nursing Essay Example for Free

New guideline explores professionalism in nursing Essay Professionalism in nursing is an essential ingredient in achieving a healthy work environment and is enabled by the context of practice ( Registered Nurse Association of Ontario 2007) In nursing profession recognition by the global and society as the professional group is important due to the higher standard of expectation from the society to the nursing career as a caregiver And being a professional in a nursing career is a key to achieve the target and good quality in services provided to society. Why the professionalism is required to the nursing career this is due to demanding of high quality and standard skill ,knowledge and altruism that putting the patient as the first interest, self sacrifice and the right attitude while dealing with the society or patient as a caregiver., showing and proven of the excellence commitment in lifelong learning to improved their skill and development as during in duty nurses should showing their commitment beyond others and should committed to the community service and the professional organization. The public has the right to get the professional competence from the nurses who are giving the service to them. from the American Nurses Association 2017 (ANA) believe that it is the nursing profession responsibilities to shape and guided any process for assuring nurses competency. Through the quality measurement, research and learning to become professional nurses need to be skillful in their job scope knowledgeable continue to have continued learning education, providing mentoring to guide and monitoring the work done and following by the code and conduct as a key for safeguarding the health and wellbeing to the public.There are few elements of professionalism listed for the nurses as the nursing career is expected growing faster than the average rate of 19 through 2022 according to Bereu Labor Of Statistic.There are 5 critical professional skills to be adapted (Kristina Ericson 2015)the strong and effective communication between physician and nurses is compulsory to convey the right information to relatives regarding patient condition ,medication and others medical concern.paying intention on report and details of patient which is if mislead will became fatal to the patient, an also being flexible to working schedule also part of professional integrity in nu rsing profession as patient to comes first ,another element is critical thinking ,nurses are able to make crucial decision during the critical time by analyzing and determined the best solution for patient. Nurses are required to update the skill and have the desire to improve knowledge and develop skills continues will bring them to the professionalism in a nursing career.the one and important to develop professionalism in the nursing career is mentoring system Mentoring is a crucial part of the nursing organization as there are many nurses need help and guidance from the skillful and knowledgeable staff. This can contribute to career satisfaction and improvement .majority has reported that nurses are participating in mentorship relation.( Bette Marianni 2012) mentoring is something that both mentor and mentee are willing to share knowledge,emotion and feedback after the carried out duties done,this will give impact in professional management and skills among nurses.Studies done by Bette Mariani 2012 stated that nurses who have the willingness and sense of satisfaction in career will contribute to the growth of the profession. Mentor is define as the person who give a younger or less experienced person help and advice over a period of time. ( Cambridge Advance Learner dictionary and Thesaurus).while Riverside Websters ii New Collage Dictionary1995 define mentor as a wise and trusted teacher or counselor. The mentees describe by Merriam Webster is the one who is being monitored by mentor.Mentoring will give benefit to nurses in term and career success and advancement in personal and pr ofessional satisfaction and develop self-esteem and confidence. (Van Olsen 2002) The professional and personal satisfaction develop while in sharing stories, referencing of the problem and finding the solution by the experienced nurses to the mentees will be become a role modeling to the nursing profession and enhance the quality in leadership ( Vance And Olsen 2002). I believed mentoring one of the best way of achievement in nursing professional skills . . Y, did(x(I_TS1EZBmU/xYy5g/GMGeD3Vqq8K)fw9 xrxwrTZaGy8IjbRcXI u3KGnD1NIBs RuKV.ELM2fiVvlu8zH (W )6-rCSj id DAIqbJx6kASht(QpmcaSlXP1Mh9MVdDAaVBfJP8AVf 6Q

Hinduism Paper Essay Example for Free

Hinduism Paper Essay Hinduism as coined by European influence, is the world’s third largest religion with nearly one billion followers, about 14% of the Earths human population. There are many that theorize Hinduism is not like any other religion that encompasses a particular way of life; that Hinduism is without a defined founder, deity, nor is Hinduism stuck to a specific system of theology. However, there are those that argue Hinduism is monotheistic because it does recognize the one supreme being of Brahman. Then some view Hinduism as Trinitarian because Brahman is visualized as one God with the three persons of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. Considering that Hinduism lacks a united belief system is a matter of scholarly theory based on the closest findings and perhaps the reason many people theorize that Hinduism is undefined religion. The makeup of Hinduism is of diverse beliefs and traditions of the 81% of Hindus residing in present day India translated from Vedic scripture that some scholars say date back to 10,000 BCE. The basic scriptures of Hinduism, referred as Shastras, are a collection of spiritual laws discovered by sages at different points in history. The Two types of sacred writings, Shruti (heard) and Smriti (memorized) comprise the Hindu scriptures. The sacred writings were passed on from generation to generation orally for centuries before they were written down in the Sanskrit language dating far back as 6,500 BC. The major and most popular Hindu texts include the Bhagavad Gita, the Upanishads, and the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata, but there are fundamental core of beliefs shared by all Hindus. The basic core of Hinduism believes that there is only one supreme Absolute called Brahman, although it does not advocate the worship of any one particular deity. The gods and goddesses of Hinduism can amount to millions, all representing the many aspects of Brahman that indicate Hinduism is characterized by multiple deities. The most fundamental of Hindu deities is the Trinity of Brahma (creator), Vishnu (or Krishna, meaning creator) and Shiva (destroyer). Yet, the supreme God of any sub-God or sub-Goddesses is that of Brahma, a monotheistic approach that can be compared with many carnations to God in the Christian Bible such as Moses, Abraham, and Jesus and perhaps ignites much debate on the type of religion Hinduism is. However, there are other basic cores of beliefs that Hindus share. Amongst the core beliefs shared by Hindus is the desire for liberation from earthly existence in which Dharma, Samsara, Karma, and Moksha are facets in reaching liberation. Dharma encompasses ethics and duty within a Hindu’s life. Karma is the actions with in one’s life and the consequences for those actions. When Karma goes unfulfilled, Samsara is experienced through the cycle of life, death, and rebirth. The rebirth cycle is also known as reincarnation where a Hindu’s uncleansed soul cycles through life after life until the soul is cleansed enough to be with Brahman. While stuck in Samsara, the individual then becomes limited within time and space where monotony becomes a desire for escape from such misery. When a Hindu’s soul is cleansed enough to satisfy Brahman, Moksha is that escape from such earthly miseries. The desire for Moksha transformed Hinduism from a religion into a culture, but there is debate as to the cultural and societal influences that have made Hinduism vital to India. The cultural and societal influences of Hinduism is in a state of constant flow with the never ending possibilities as life on the earthly plane continues to flourish, yet there is debate on the historical significance that makes a Hinduism what it is today. The Aryan theory argues that Hinduism traces back to the Indus valley civilization of 4,000-2,200 BCE and was influenced by many Aryan Indo-European tribes who brought with them the religion of Vedism around 1,500 BCE. The Emerge theory challenges the Aryan invasion theory in stating the inconsistencies in timelines of Hebrew Scriptures and that of the Aryan invasion in comparison to the development of the four Veda that can be traced as far back as 6,500 BCE. Archeologists and religious historian have concluded through physical evidence of archeological finds along the Indus River and Indus valley show a continuality of the same group of people who traditionally developed Indian culture generation after generation with no evidence of Aryan influence. Another debate that continues amongst the modern day quarrel over theory is the caste system that dates back to 500 BCE. The Rig Veda defined four castes, or Varna’s; Brahmins were for religious leaders and educators, Kshatriyas for rulers and military, Vaishyas for farmers, landlords, and merchants, and Shudra for peasants, servants and workers. A fifth Varna was known as untouchables and anyone castigated from the Varna’s were the Dalit who were denigrated to pollutant jobs. According to Religioustolerance. org (2011), â€Å"although the caste system was abolished in 1949, it remains a significant force amongst Hindus throughout India. Aside from debate are the cultural rituals of the Hindu. According Living Religions by Mary Pat Fisher (2005), â€Å"there are sixteen rites prescribed in the ancient scriptures to purify and sanctify the person in his or her journey through life, including rites at the time of conception, the braiding of the pregnant mother’s hair, birth, name-giving, beginning of solid foods, starting education, investing boys with a sacred thread, first leaving the family house, starting studies of Vedas, marriage, and death. Sanatana Dharma is the current preferred title of what is better known as Hinduism where respect of one of the world’s oldest religions must be observed. The fact that there are many worshipped idols within Sanatana Dharma confuses the masses who contend that Hinduism is a polytheistic religion. Yet, it is the world overlooking the fact that other religions practice in denominations sectored by a difference of beliefs within the same core of beliefs.

Microcontroller Embedded Memory Technology Information Technology Essay

Microcontroller Embedded Memory Technology Information Technology Essay A  microcontroller  is a small computer on a single  integrated circuit  containing a processor core, memory, and programmable  input/output  peripherals. Program memory in the form of  NOR flash  or  OTP ROM  is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of  RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the  microprocessors  used inpersonal computers  or other general purpose applications. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/153056995_5ef8b01016_o.jpg/230px-153056995_5ef8b01016_o.jpg Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at  clock rate  frequencies as low as 4  kHz, for low power consumption (milliwatts or microwatts). They will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a  digital signal processor(DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption. Embedded design A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor, memory and peripherals and can be used as an  embedded system.[1]  The majority of microcontrollers in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems. These are called  embedded systems. While some embedded systems are very sophisticated, many have minimal requirements for memory and program length, with no operating system, and low software complexity. Typical input and output devices include switches,  relays,  solenoids,  LEDs, small or custom  LCD  displays, radio frequency devices, and sensors for data such as temperature, humidity, light level etc. Embedded systems usually have no keyboard, screen, disks, printers, or other recognizable I/O devices of a  personal computer, and may lack human interaction devices of any kind. Interrupts Microcontrollers must provide  real time  (predictable, though not necessarily fast) response to events in the embedded system they are controlling. When certain events occur, an  interruptsystem can signal the processor to suspend processing the current instruction sequence and to begin an  interrupt service routine  (ISR, or interrupt handler). The ISR will perform any processing required based on the source of the interrupt before returning to the original instruction sequence. Possible interrupt sources are device dependent, and often include events such as an internal timer overflow, completing an analog to digital conversion, a logic level change on an input such as from a button being pressed, and data received on a communication link. Where power consumption is important as in battery operated devices, interrupts may also wake a microcontroller from a low power sleep state where the processor is halted until required to do something by a peripheral event. Programs Microcontroller programs must fit in the available on-chip program memory, since it would be costly to provide a system with external, expandable, memory. Compilers and assemblers are used to convert high-level language and assembler language codes into a compact  machine code  for storage in the microcontrollers memory. Depending on the device, the program memory may be permanent, read-only memory that can only be programmed at the factory, or program memory may be field-alterable flash or erasable read-only memory. Other microcontroller features Microcontrollers usually contain from several to dozens of general purpose input/output pins (GPIO). GPIO pins are software configurable to either an input or an output state. When GPIO pins are configured to an input state, they are often used to read sensors or external signals. Configured to the output state, GPIO pins can drive external devices such as LEDs or motors. Many embedded systems need to read sensors that produce analog signals. This is the purpose of the  analog-to-digital converter  (ADC). Since processors are built to interpret and process digital data, i.e. 1s and 0s, they are not able to do anything with the analog signals that may be sent to it by a device. So the analog to digital converter is used to convert the incoming data into a form that the processor can recognize. A less common feature on some microcontrollers is a  digital-to-analog converter  (DAC) that allows the processor to output analog signals or voltage levels. In addition to the converters, many embedded microprocessors include a variety of timers as well. One of the most common types of timers is the  Programmable Interval Timer  (PIT). A PIT may either count down from some value to zero, or up to the capacity of the count register, overflowing to zero. Once it reaches zero, it sends an interrupt to the processor indicating that it has finished counting. This is useful for devices such as thermostats, which periodically test the temperature around them to see if they need to turn the air conditioner on, the heater on, etc. Time Processing Unit  (TPU) is a sophisticated timer. In addition to counting down, the TPU can detect input events, generate output events, and perform other useful operations. A dedicated  Pulse Width Modulation  (PWM) block makes it possible for the CPU to control  power converters,  resistive  loads,  motors, etc., without using lots of CPU resources in tight timerloops. Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter  (UART) block makes it possible to receive and transmit data over a serial line with very little load on the CPU. Dedicated on-chip hardware also often includes capabilities to communicate with other devices (chips) in digital formats such as  I2C  and  Serial Peripheral Interface  (SPI). Higher integration In contrast to general-purpose CPUs, micro-controllers may not implement an external address or data bus as they integrate RAM and non-volatile memory on the same chip as the CPU. Using fewer pins, the chip can be placed in a much smaller, cheaper package. Integrating the memory and other peripherals on a single chip and testing them as a unit increases the cost of that chip, but often results in decreased net cost of the embedded system as a whole. Even if the cost of a CPU that has integrated peripherals is slightly more than the cost of a CPU and external peripherals, having fewer chips typically allows a smaller and cheaper circuit board, and reduces the labor required to assemble and test the circuit board. A micro-controller is a single  integrated circuit, commonly with the following features: central processing unit   ranging from small and simple 4-bit  processors to complex 32- or 64-bit processors discrete input and output bits, allowing control or detection of the logic state of an individual package pin serial  input/output  such as  serial ports  (UARTs) other  serial communications  interfaces  like  I ²C,  Serial Peripheral Interface  and  Controller Area Network  for system interconnect peripherals  such as  timers, event counters,  PWM generators, and  watchdog volatile memory (RAM) for data storage ROM,  EPROM,  EEPROM  or  Flash memory  for  program  and operating parameter storage clock generator   often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal, resonator or  RC circuit many include analog-to-digital converters in-circuit programming and debugging support This integration drastically reduces the number of chips and the amount of wiring and  circuit board  space that would be needed to produce equivalent systems using separate chips. Furthermore, and on low pin count devices in particular, each pin may interface to several internal peripherals, with the pin function selected by software. This allows a part to be used in a wider variety of applications than if pins had dedicated functions. Micro-controllers have proved to be highly popular in  embedded systems  since their introduction in the 1970s. Some microcontrollers use a  Harvard architecture: separate memory buses for instructions and data, allowing accesses to take place concurrently. Where a Harvard architecture is used, instruction words for the processor may be a different bit size than the length of internal memory and registers; for example: 12-bit instructions used with 8-bit data registers. The decision of which peripheral to integrate is often difficult. The microcontroller vendors often trade operating frequencies and system design flexibility against time-to-market requirements from their customers and overall lower system cost. Manufacturers have to balance the need to minimize the chip size against additional functionality. Microcontroller architectures vary widely. Some designs include general-purpose microprocessor cores, with one or more ROM, RAM, or I/O functions integrated onto the package. Other designs are purpose built for control applications. A micro-controller instruction set usually has many instructions intended for bit-wise operations to make control programs more compact.[2]For example, a general purpose processor might require several instructions to test a bit in a register and branch if the bit is set, where a micro-controller could have a single instruction to provide that commonly-required function. Microcontrollers typically do not have a  math coprocessor, so  floating point  arithmetic is performed by software. Volumes About 55% of all  CPUs  sold in the world are  8-bit  microcontrollers and microprocessors. According to Semico, over four billion 8-bit microcontrollers were sold in 2006.[3] A typical home in a developed country is likely to have only four general-purpose microprocessors but around three dozen microcontrollers. A typical mid-range automobile has as many as 30 or more microcontrollers. They can also be found in many electrical devices such as washing machines, microwave ovens, and telephones. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PIC18F8720.jpg/220px-PIC18F8720.jpg A  PIC  18F8720  microcontroller  in an 80-pin  TQFP  package. Manufacturers have often produced special versions of their microcontrollers in order to help the hardware and  software development  of the target system. Originally these included  EPROM  versions that have a window on the top of the device through which program memory can be erased byultraviolet  light, ready for reprogramming after a programming (burn) and test cycle. Since 1998, EPROM versions are rare and have been replaced by  EEPROM  and  flash, which are easier to use (can be erased electronically) and cheaper to manufacture. Other versions may be available where the  ROM  is accessed as an external device rather than as internal memory, however these are becoming increasingly rare due to the widespread availability of cheap microcontroller programmers. The use of field-programmable devices on a microcontroller may allow field update of the  firmware  or permit late factory revisions to products that have been assembled but not yet shipped. Programmable memory also reduces the lead time required for deployment of a new product. Where hundreds of thousands of identical devices are required, using parts programmed at the time of manufacture can be an economical option. These mask programmed parts have the program laid down in the same way as the logic of the chip, at the same time. Programming environments Microcontrollers were originally programmed only in  assembly language, but various  high-level programming languages  are now also in common use to target microcontrollers. These languages are either designed specially for the purpose, or versions of general purpose languages such as the  C programming language.  Compilers  for general purpose languages will typically have some restrictions as well as enhancements to better support the unique characteristics of microcontrollers. Some microcontrollers have environments to aid developing certain types of applications. Microcontroller vendors often make tools freely available to make it easier to adopt their hardware. Many microcontrollers are so quirky that they effectively require their own non-standard dialects of C, such as  SDCC for the 8051, which prevent using standard tools (such as code libraries or static analysis tools) even for code unrelated to hardware features. Interpreters are often used to hide such low level quirks. Interpreter  firmware is also available for some microcontrollers. For example,  BASIC  on the early microcontrollers  Intel  8052[4]; BASIC and  FORTH  on the  Zilog Z8[5]  as well as some modern devices. Typically these interpreters support  interactive programming. Simulators  are available for some microcontrollers, such as in Microchips  MPLAB  environment. These allow a developer to analyze what the behavior of the microcontroller and their program should be if they were using the actual part. A simulator will show the internal processor state and also that of the outputs, as well as allowing input signals to be generated. While on the one hand most simulators will be limited from being unable to simulate much other hardware in a system, they can exercise conditions that may otherwise be hard to reproduce at will in the physical implementation, and can be the quickest way to debug and analyze problems. Recent microcontrollers are often integrated with on-chip  debug  circuitry that when accessed by an  in-circuit emulator  via  JTAG, allow debugging of the firmware with a  debugger. Types of microcontrollers : Freescale 68HC11  (8-bit) Intel 8051 ARM  processors (from many vendors) using  ARM7  or Cortex-M3 cores are generally microcontrollers STMicroelectronics  STM8  (8-bit),  ST10  (16-bit) and  STM32  (32-bit) Atmel  AVR  (8-bit),  AVR32  (32-bit), and  AT91SAM  (32-bit) Freescale  ColdFire  (32-bit) and  S08  (8-bit) Hitachi H8,  Hitachi SuperH  (32-bit) Hyperstone  E1/E2 (32-bit, First full integration of  RISC  and  DSP  on one processor core [1996]  [1]) MIPS  (32-bit PIC32) NEC V850  (32-bit) PIC  (8-bit PIC16, PIC18, 16-bit dsPIC33 / PIC24) PowerPC  ISE PSoC (Programmable System-on-Chip) Rabbit 2000  (8-bit) Texas Instruments Microcontrollers  MSP430  (16-bit), C2000 (32-bit), and Stellaris (32-bit) Toshiba TLCS-870  (8-bit/16-bit) Zilog eZ8  (16-bit),  eZ80  (8-bit) and many others, some of which are used in very narrow range of applications or are more like applications processors than microcontrollers. The microcontroller market is extremely fragmented, with numerous vendors, technologies, and markets. Note that many vendors sell (or have sold) multiple architectures. Interrupt latency In contrast to general-purpose computers, microcontrollers used in embedded systems often seek to optimize  interrupt latency  over instruction throughput. Issues include both reducing the latency, and making it be more predictable (to support real-time control). When an electronic device causes an interrupt, the intermediate results (registers) have to be saved before the software responsible for handling the interrupt can run. They must also be restored after that software is finished. If there are more registers, this saving and restoring process takes more time, increasing the latency. Ways to reduce such context/restore latency include having relatively few registers in their central processing units (undesirable because it slows down most non-interrupt processing substantially), or at least having the hardware not save them all (this fails if the software then needs to compensate by saving the rest manually). Another technique involves spending silicon gates on shadow registers: one or more duplicate registers used only by the interrupt software, perhaps supporting a dedicated stack. Other factors affecting interrupt latency include: Cycles needed to complete current CPU activities. To minimize those costs, microcontrollers tend to have short pipelines (often three instructions or less), small write buffers, and ensure that longer instructions are continuable or restartable.  RISC  design principles ensure that most instructions take the same number of cycles, helping avoid the need for most such continuation/restart logic. The length of any  critical section  that needs to be interrupted. Entry to a critical section restricts concurrent data structure access. When a data structure must be accessed by an interrupt handler, the critical section must block that interrupt. Accordingly, interrupt latency is increased by however long that interrupt is blocked. When there are hard external constraints on system latency, developers often need tools to measure interrupt latencies and track down which critical sections cause slowdowns. One common technique just blocks all interrupts for the duration of the critical section. This is easy to implement, but sometimes critical sections get uncomfortably long. A more complex technique just blocks the interrupts that may trigger access to that data structure. This often based on interrupt priorities, which tend to not correspond well to the relevant system data structures. Accordingly, this technique is used mostly in very constrained environments. Processors may have hardware support for some critical sections. Examples include supporting atomic access to bits or bytes within a word, or other atomic access primitives like theLDREX/STREX  exclusive access primitives introduced in the  ARMv6  architecture. Interrupt nesting. Some microcontrollers allow higher priority interrupts to interrupt lower priority ones. This allows software to manage latency by giving time-critical interrupts higher priority (and thus lower and more predictable latency) than less-critical ones. Trigger rate. When interrupts occur back-to-back, microcontrollers may avoid an extra context save/restore cycle by a form of  tail call  optimization. Lower end microcontrollers tend to support fewer interrupt latency controls than higher end ones. History The first single-chip microprocessor was the 4-bit  Intel 4004  released in 1971. With the  Intel 8008  and more capable microprocessors available over the next several years. These however all required external chip(s) to implement a working system, raising total system cost, and making it impossible to economically computerize appliances. The first computer system on a chip optimized for control applications was the  Intel 8048  released in 1975,[citation   with both  RAM  and  ROM  on the same chip. This chip would find its way into over one billion PC keyboards, and other numerous applications. At this time Intels President, Luke J. Valenter, stated that the (Microcontroller) was one of the most successful in the companies history, and expanded the divisions budget over 25%. Most microcontrollers at this time had two variants. One had an erasable  EPROM  program memory, which was significantly more expensive than the  PROM  variant which was only programmable once. In 1993, the introduction of  EEPROM  memory allowed microcontrollers (beginning with the Microchip  PIC16x84)  [2][citation needed]) to be electrically erased quickly without an expensive package as required for  EPROM, allowing both rapid prototyping, and  In System Programming. The same year, Atmel introduced the first microcontroller using  Flash memory.[6] Other companies rapidly followed suit, with both memory types. Cost has plummeted over time, with the cheapest 8-bit microcontrollers being available for under $0.25 in quantity (thousands) in 2009,[citation needed]  and some 32-bit microcontrollers around $1 for similar quantities. Nowadays microcontrollers are low cost and readily available for hobbyists, with large online communities around certain processors. In the future,  MRAM  could potentially be used in microcontrollers as it has infinite endurance and its incremental semiconductor wafer process cost is relatively low. Microcontroller embedded memory technology Since the emergence of microcontrollers, many different memory technologies have been used. Almost all microcontrollers have at least two different kinds of memory, a non-volatile memory for storing firmware and a read-write memory for temporary data. Data From the earliest microcontrollers to today, six-transistor SRAM is almost always used as the read/write working memory, with a few more transistors per bit used in the  register file.  MRAMcould potentially replace it as it is 4-10 times denser which would make it more cost effective. In addition to the SRAM, some microcontrollers also have internal EEPROM for data storage; and even ones that do not have any (or not enough) are often connected to external serial EEPROM chip (such as the  BASIC Stamp) or external serial flash memory chip. A few recent microcontrollers beginning in 2003 have self-programmable flash memory[6]. Firmware The earliest microcontrollers used hard-wired or mask ROM to store firmware. Later microcontrollers (such as the early versions of the  Freescale 68HC11  and early  PIC microcontrollers) had quartz windows that allowed ultraviolet light in to erase the  EPROM. The Microchip  PIC16C84, introduced in 1993,[7]  was the first microcontroller to use  EEPROM  to store firmware. Also in 1993, Atmel introduced the first microcontroller using  NOR Flash memory  to store firmware.[6] PSoC  microcontrollers, introduced in 2002, store firmware in  SONOS  flash memory. MRAM  could potentially be used to store firmware.

Boer War - The Causes :: African Africa History

Boer War - The Causes There were significant political conflicts between the two sides. The Boers treated all blacks very badly and did not give basic human rights even to the blacks working for them. They made them pay taxes but could not vote. It was said to be through religious reasons that the Boers treated blacks so badly. This awful treatment infuriated the British, who had abolished slavery in all its colonies as well as at home in 1834. The Dutch wanted to keep its slaves. Europeans working in the Boer territories were also mistreated. These "Uitlanders" as they were known were key to the Boers' economic success, yet were still denied the vote. The war occurred also because of strategic reasons. The British had already seized Swaziland, Bechuanaland and Basutoland, which more or less surrounded the Boers who feared that if the British took any more territory, they could be under siege, particularly if their route to the sea was blocked. The British wanted to control all of Southern Africa, not just small areas which were isolated - the Boers were their main opponents. There were economic issues involved in the war. The Boers took control of the Transvaal and set up the Orange Free State. They found gold in the Transvaal and this area became very rich indeed. Later diamonds were found in this area as well, and there was argument between the British and Boers over in which nation's territory they lay. Certain individuals had a major role in provoking the war. Cecil Rhodes was probably the most ambitious of Britain's leaders abroad. He was a real imperialist, and strove to expand the British Empire further, especially through his dream of a "Cape Colony to Cairo" railway. He was strongly anti-Boer, and his actions seemed to shape British policy back at home. Also highly influential was Sir Alfred Milner, who was the British High Commissioner and was also strongly anti-Boer. He was supposed to be a peacemaker, but it were the demands he placed on the Boers which sparked the war, and he ended up looking more like a warmonger. Paul Kruger, President of the Transvaal and leader of the Boers, did not want to give in to the Uitlanders, since he feared he would lose his position if they were given the vote. It was he who had ordered the first attack against the British in 1881.

The Toxicological Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident Essay

The Toxicological Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident Radiation has both beneficial and harmful effects. The most detrimental health effect on humans, is the incidence of cancer, which has been studied. Humans are exposed to radiation more than they realize. They are exposed medically with x-rays, just by being outside with cosmic rays, and by accidents such as at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Exposure to radiation is high and more studies are done which improve radiation protection. The Chernobyl disaster is one such example in which the studies done had implications in the future of radiation protection. It was an unprecedented event. Large amounts of radiation were released into the area and affected the population living there. With the known damaging effects of radiation, this event was not to be ignored. The factors playing a role in the spread of the radiation as well as the future implications of radiation exposure/protection are explored in this paper. The results of the accident were due to the elements of the area, population and nature of the radiation. These results showed the need to improve radiation data collection as well as safety measures. Radiation is harmful because of its interactions with the environment and the body and in turn, the Chernobyl disaster was harmful because it released large amounts of radiation into the environment, exposing the population. Radiation is broken up into four types: alpha particles, beta particles and positrons, gamma rays and x-rays. Electron volt is the conventional energy unit for ionizing radiation (1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J). Alpha particles and beta rays have energy equal to their kinetic energy (E=1/2mv2, m = mass, v = velocity) while gamma rays and x-ray... ...after the Chernobyl disaster. Environ Health Perspect. 1997;105(Suppl. 6):1491-1496. Quastel MR, Goldsmith JR, Mirkin L, Poljak S, Barki Y, Levy Jackov, Gorodischer R. Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in children from Chernobyl. Environ Health Perspect. 1997;105(Suppl. 6):1297-1498. Rich V. Reaction design not perfect. Nature. 1986;322:588. Tronko MD, Bogdanova TI, Komissarenko IV, Epstein OV, Oliynyk V, Kovalenko A, Likhtarev IA, Kairo I, Peters SB, LiVolsi VA. Thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents in Ukraine after the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Cancer. 1999;86:149-156. Voigt G, Paretzke HG. Scientific recommendations for the reconstruction of radiation doses due to the reactor accident at Chernobyl. Radiat Environ Biophys. 1996:35:1-9. Williams D. Editorial: thyroid cancer and the Chernobyl accident. J Clin Endo Metab. 1996;81(No. 1):6-8.

Themes in Raymond Carvers Literature Essay -- Papers Carver Short Cut

Themes in Raymond Carver's Literature In Short Cuts, by Raymond Carver, characters experience trials and problems in their lives, whether extreme such as in " A Small, Good Thing" and "Lemonade" or nominal such as in " Vitamins". They all seem to depict these struggles as uphill battles which the characters cannot and mostly do not overcome. The characters throughout Carver's "Short Cuts" struggle through their lives in private desperation, often to ultimately realize that they are bound to the truth of who they really are, which is shown in the story "Neighbors." In "Neighbors", Bill and Arlene Miller are a couple with menial jobs who give credence to the saying "the grass is greener on the other side of the fence". They are dissatisfied with their own lives and look to the lives of their neighbors to find happiness in their own. Once a happy couple, they often feel that "they alone among their circle had been passed by somehow (13)." They did not discuss how they could change their own lives, but merely compared their lives with the Stones. "They talked about it sometimes,...

Boom of Credit Cards

Credit cards have become such a familiar feature of the life style in the world that it is difficult to imagine a consumer economy functioning without them. The credit cards are nowadays the most convenient of all types of payments. The boom of the credit card industry has affected everyone in the world of the â€Å"plastic money†. That was the name given to the credit card right after it was invented. Nowadays, the â€Å"plastic money† occupies a very important place in the economy of the country. â€Å"Settlements indicates that the number of credit cards in circulation increased 34 percent between 1988†¦.. The data also show that the value of credit card transactions increased 98 percent during the same period† (Yoo, p. s. 1997). A lot of reasons explain the fact that the credit cards are holding the most important place in the wallet and purses today. Behind these reasons , is hiding a crucial social phenomenon that has very bad consequences in the country, credit card abuse. Despite the measures taken by the officials, statistics prove that the number is increasing everyday. Today, Visa and Master card occupy an important place in the credit card marketplace but the pioneer in the business remains to be Diners Club. In 1949, as the luncheon tables were cleared at the Major†s Cabin Grill, a popular New York restaurant of the period whose location next door of the Empire State Building was then a considerable asset, three men sat huddled over a prime table off to one side †¦. In their excitement, they called over Major, the proprietor and asked him how much he would pay for business that he would not ordinarily get. Without flinching, Major replied â€Å"7 percent† , number that established a major industry (Lewis, 1990). ` Those three men were Alfred Bloomingdale, Frank Mc Namara and Ralph Snyder. They conceived a plan for a new type of credit card. Unlike the retail and gas credit cards, which were restricted in use to those industries, theirs would be â€Å"universal† card that allowed its holders to purchase goods and services at different places across the country. An industry was born, Diners Club As a matter of fact, the period right before the First World War, was the first year for a new industry, the credit card industry. Those first credit cards were not really credit cards as they are today because they served only for limited needs. They could be used only on a very low level. The use of credit cards by retailers began in 1914†³ (Lewis, 1990). Since that date there was an inconceivable growth of credit card production. Prior to World War I, few hotels, oil companies and department stores issued credit cards. Then in 1931 the airline companies introduced the credit cards in their business (Lewis, 1990). The evolution and the expansion of the card went lide the speed of light. The most important step was the introduction of the credit card to the Internet in the 90†³s. Today, Web servers enable payments by credit card. A credit card transaction over the Internet is one of the most common types of payment. If a merchant has an account with a merchant bank that offers Internet credit card processing, he would be able to accept credit card payment over the Internet (http://search. netscape. com). â€Å"There was an increase of $78 billion over 1994, in just one short year. We†ve been tracking it since 1980, and we†ve never seen that kind of increase before. † (Glenn, 1984, pp. 857-68). What are the reasons that explain the fast increase of the use of the credit cards? As one reason that might explain the phenomenon, some people may think that carrying a credit card is much easier than having cash or a checkbook in their wallets or purses. There is no doubt that the â€Å"plastic money† doesn†t bother in a wallet or a purse because of its tiny size. Another reason that may explain the credit card fever is that it allows its holders to spend the money they haven†t got yet. Actually, it looks like free money, although it really isn†t. That is the case of the college students who have credit cards and whose parents will pay the debt their child has created. The strongest argument that could be also the main reason the t explains the increasing number of credit card transactions is that a lot of low income-persons are carrying â€Å"plastic money† and are using it widely but not wisely. When the time for paying off the balance due comes, a lot of people do not have enough money to clear their bills. Here is the beginning of a cycle that probably will never stop (Kathy and Bill B. â€Å"s case) until the credit card company or the banks realize that their customer†s debt is growing every month. Before any reaction of the creditors, the debt has reached an unbelievable amount. As a result of a non-payment of the bills, the problems in the credit card industry began. In addition to lost or stolen cards and billing errors, an uncontrollable phenomenon was born in the industry, fraud. Two major aspects determine the fraud in the industry, stolen cards and the black market created around the â€Å"plastic money. † In fact, counterfeiting credit cards has taken an important turn during the 60s. As expected, not long after they had instituted the unsolicited credit card programs in the late 1960s, the bank began to experience significant losses due to fraud (Lewis, 1990). Statistics prove how fast the fraud went up in the industry. In 1964, the U. S. Post Office investigated only fifteen cases of credit card fraud. Four years later, in 1968, that figure shot up to 360, and the following year, it more than doubled to 762. In 1970, Andrew Brimmer, one of the Federal Reserve Board†s seven governors, showed that bank charge card losses had increased 50 percent that year to $115. 5 million or $3. 4 percent of $3. 4 billion in outstanding credit card debt (Lewis 1990). In 1971, the Los Angeles Police Department made public its first reported of counterfeiting credit cards. The counterfeiters, two women and one man who apparently had knowledge of at least one bank numbering system used authentic blank cards stock to succeed their operation (Lewis, 1990). The very fast assumption of the abuse in the credit card industry made the banks and the credit card companies think about finding solutions that could stop this terrible phenomenon. Since the major source of losses in the industry was stolen cards, it was very hard for the credit card companies to find a solution that would stop fraud. The fraud in the credit cards industry had had an important impact in the economy of the United States such as financial losses. In 1973 alone, credit cards losses were estimated to be $288 million-or 1015 percent of the total credit card sales (Lewis, 1990). The delinquency rate has risen four quarter in a row for the first time since 1991†¦.. At the end of 1991, $3. 4of every $100 owed on credit card was delinquent, up eight percent from 1994 (Business Journal of Charlotte, 1996). Whose responsibility was it? In large part, the banks themselves were responsible for their continuing losses. In their desire to market their cards as actively as possible, they were reluctant to tarnish the image go the credit card by publicizing stories of thefts and losses , so they hid the information not to alarm potential cardholders(Lewis, 1990, p. 8). The government may be held responsible as well because the government issues cards to the members for government travel expenses only. Unfortunately, those cards have been used for the purchase of liquors, jewelry and flowers (Fritz, S. 1996, March 16). That is another â€Å"ugly face† of credit card abuse. The people who were supposed to help the country to overcome the problems abuse intensify the situation. As the industry was growing, the banks and the credit card industries did not think of any alternative that would stop an eventual fraud in the industry. The lack of management was one of the major sources of the problem. As one solution that had to be found, the credit cards companies invented the secured credit card that allows the customer to spend not more than what he or she has in his or her bank saving account. That seemed to be a good solution to stop the fraud but criminals are so good that they devised ways to tap into potentially lucrative market. By the mid 1970†³s, the credit card companies installed their own law enforcement to fight credit card fraud, the Association of Credit Card Investigators (ACCI). The role of this unit o the credit card companies was to have a better management of the growing number of customers. One measure initiated by the ACCI that proved effective was a combination of a post mailer with dual dating on the credit card. A dual dating enables the credit card Company to delay the effective starting date of the card until after it should have been received by the cardholder. The post mailer informed the intended cardholder that a card had been mailed to him or her and that the credit card Company should be notified if it had not yet been received. As a result to the important measures taken by the credit cards companies, 75% drop in fraud in the first years (Ventura, 1992). Another preventive measure adopted by the credit cards companies was a warning bulletin alerting the banks and merchants to fraudulent cards. All the major credit cards companies did not approve this kind of measure. On one hand, American Express, Diners Club felt that the warning bulletins were necessary to control fraud as well as the misuse of cards by delinquents and overspenders. On the other hand, Visa took the position that warning bulletins were not necessary and that sending postcard was enough. Statistics proved later that Visa was losing a higher percentage of its charge volume from fraud than American Express and diners Club(Lewis, 1990). The solution on the federal level would be an abolishment of the government credit card system as suggested republican George W. Gekas (R-Pa)(Los Angeles Times, 1996, March 16). In spite of the tough measures taken by the banks and the credit card companies, losses due to fraud continued throughout the 70s. As the 80†³s approached, the credit card companies overcome most of the legal and operational problems such as billing errors and the development of an efficient nationwide up-to-the-minute authorization system. A wide laws and regulations system now govern the functioning of the industry but still the fraud is inevitable. This number is still increasing due to the corruption of our society. The only way you can help to stop this is by changing the whole system. But then there will be some people who will pursue their illegal actions, and will find a way to abuse other systems also.

Information Technology Essay

A number of professions in our society are required to abide by a certain set of rules that regulate their actions due to the nature of work they are engaged in. Examples are those of lawyers, doctors, accountants, who follow codes of ethics that define acceptable and punishable behavior to patients and clients. Now, as we are moving towards the information age, more and more organizations are evolving to system automation as they abandon old manual methods of data storage and maintenance. The field of Information Technology has really changed the way people work. As company’s valuable information and data are stored, IT security professionals, just like doctors and lawyers are tasked with important functions, they hold responsibilities that are concerned with the protection of data and systems from unauthorized external and internal access, prevention of disruption especially from software and hardware attacks, modification and destruction of networks. By handling these delicate information they posses a great deal of power that may be abused. The First issue that highlights the need for a code of ethics for IT professionals is that of privacy, one of the hottest topics in information security. These professionals are able to access crucial information which may be about customers, industries, government agencies, corporations, people and networks, that if used wrongly will result to serious legal implications. An example of which is an IT security personnel, in charge of regulating website access of employees of a company. During the course of blocking off sites and programming firewalls, they can install key loggers that enables them to view whatever a person types on a keyboard, these may include credit card numbers, personal information, notes and emails. Release of such vital information can provide the necessary tools for identity theft, fraud, misrepresentation, blackmail and commission of many more crimes. Another issue linked to privacy of information, is confidentiality. Company information such as new products, financial reports, projected plans and researches can be sold off to competitors, this can lead to serious business damage such as bankruptcy of a business. Third, is the monetary benefit that may be derived from the manipulation of a system. Aside from actual theft of information, IT security professionals can alter programmed security measures and charge additional fees for something that they themselves maneuvered. They can make a system appear to be vulnerable to threats created by them. (Whitman and Mottard, 2007, p. 0-99) Moving forward, a number of companies are able to recognize the need to abide by ethical practices. An example of an ethical security practice is that of Cisco Systems Inc. , a multinational IT corporation that designs and sells network communication technology and services. They once encountered a vulnerability that the company felt would affect the health of the Internet, so the company contacted backbone providers first to ensure their systems were patched to protect them from the threat. (Davidson, 2008, Leading By Example). The company has since then receive various awards for Ethical practices. Another example is the development of a software that would at least prevent and regulate unethical security attacks, such as identity theft. This was the creation of Secure Electronic Transfers (SET) which was as developed by SETco, led by VISA and MasterCard (and involving other companies such as GTE, IBM, Microsoft, Netscape, RSA and VeriSign). A set of security protocols that ensures the safety of information from the buyer to the internet, that also takes into consideration safety of consumers. In conclusion, an organization entrusts valuable assets of network and data security to Information Security Professionals. However, unlike older professions such as medicine and law, most ethical issues regarding this occupation have not been codified to a specific law, and there is still no mandatory association such as (Bar association, American Board for Medicine) that has established a detailed code of ethics that is uniform across all IT professionals. So organizations must take it upon themselves to instill a code of ethics to ensure that these personnel understand the moral and legal implications of their actions.

Audience Analysis and Reception Essay

Question: You are preparing to write a formal report to be presented to management at your workplace. What are some potential needs for this audience you should be aware of when writing the report? What are the risks of not considering the audience’s needs? As explained in week five (The University of Phoenix, 2014). Writing a Proper Report Writing a formal report to management can be difficult as well as time-consuming. You must know who your audience is and what important topics your management team wants to hear. It is very easy to get off track and present data that is not relevant to the audience that you are directing the report to. You must know your audience. There are several things the author writing the report needs to know, in order to ensure that the management team will understand. The first thing that should be considered is, knowing who your audience is. It is important to know who the managers reading this report are. This makes a difference because you want to capture an audience by the job they have. If the report is a descriptive report about product design, you will not want to write a report about sales revenue. The report must fit the audience. Another important factor the writer should know is, knowing the audiences special interests or prejudices they may have about the information you are going to present. It is important to write the report around the facts and to not try to put in too much feeling. Facts are the only things that should be considered. Let the audience think for themselves and make their minds up based on the data that is being presented. Be prepared and have charts or other supporting documentation ready and available, so that the report can be backed up to support the report. Always pay attention to grammar and watch for any syntax errors in your writing. It is crucial that the audience sees that the report is  credible, properly written and that it flows well so that the audience can understand the report. Formal reports are more detailed and have a lot more detail than a non-formal report. Paragraphing the formal report will be easy for the audience to read. There are a lot of risks involved if these guidelines are not met. The audience has particular needs that they will be looking for, and making certain that these measures are there will lead to success. In conclusion, it is crucial that writers understand who the audience is. A formal report should always have the information in it that fits the audience. You might lose your audience, and the report may be seen as non-credible if the facts are not presented the way they should be. References The University of Phoenix. (2014). Week Five: Audience Analysis and Reception. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix, XBCOM/275 website. Educational Psychologist. (2010). Writing for whom? Cognition, motivation, and a writer’s audience.. Retrieved from Educational Psychologist, XB/COM 275Communication Process Model website.

Aristotle Plato Essay

Aristotle was born on 384 BC in Stageira, Chalcidice 34 miles east of modern-day Thessaloniki. His father Nicomachus was the personal physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. Aristotle educated as a member of aristocracy and at the age of eighteen, he went to Athens to do his further studies in Plato’s Academy. He was there at the beginning as a student of Plato, and then became a researcher and finally a teacher. Aristotle married Hermias’s niece Pythias who died ten years later. After her death he married Herpyllis, who came from his birthplace, Stageira. By 335 BC he had returned to Athens, establishing his own school in there known as the Lyceum. This Academy focused more on biology than its predecessor that relied on mathematics. Aristotle not only studied almost every subject possible at the time, but made significant contributions to most of them. In physical science, Aristotle studied anatomy, astronomy, embryology, geography, geology, meteorology, physics and zoology. In philosophy, he wrote on aesthetics, ethics, government, metaphysics, politics, economics, psychology, rhetoric and theology. He also studied education, foreign customs, literature and poetry. His combined works constitute a virtual encyclopedia of Greek knowledge. It has been suggested that Aristotle was probably the last person to know everything there was to be known in his own time. He greatly admired Plato all the way to his death, despite the fact that he later opposed some of his most important points. Aristotle died in 322 BC at the age of sixty-two in Chalkis on the island of Euboea. He also said many sayings regarded to different topics or fields like other Philosophers. Once a person asked that â€Å"what is friend? † Aristotle answered as follows. â€Å"A single soul dwelling in Two Bodies†. Like other Philosophers, Aristotle too talked about friendship and the above quote is such one. When we talk about the friendship, it is a kind of internal bonding among two or more beings. Most of the time, this bonding does not depend on one’s caste, gender, age, occupation, wealth or any other. That is why even very best friend’s needs show a little difference from each other because our bodies are external and physical. The most valuable thing for a human life is the friendship because it is very difficult to live alone. Even the present Psychologists accept that concept. If we go deep into this particular relationship, this can be a good one or a bad one as this depends on their intentions and thoughts. Actually the friendship is a backup for a one’s life, when our self is down with a problem or sadness, our friend is the first person who identifies our situation. He/She may not be able to find a solution for us, but surely he/she will be there to cry with us. That is how best friends act at all. They never let the other down. One’s sadness will be the other’s sadness. That is why Aristotle clearly said that one sole dwelling in two bodies. Friendship will gives the same feeling for all the friends even that is a comedy, tragedy or a joy because friends are one in their souls. Friendship is not only within two persons but within a group of them. Education is the guider to a one’s life. Aristotle said that, â€Å"The roots of the education is bitter, but the fruit is sweet†. Education is received according to a specific order. That is why we can categorize it into primary education, secondary and higher education. Primary education or the very basic education is the important stage for a person because from that only he starts to think logically and effectively. Then only he can have a clear mind about his/her future. If the primary education is not strong, final result will be not a satisfactory one. If the root system is not well developed the tree will not be a good one. But the thing is our basic education is not a sweet one because there are many difficulties and hardships to undergo. Aristotle tried to tell that when we start something we must not judge its conditions from that point, we must think beyond that which means about its future. Because the fruit is our future. Although a tree is fully grown, it never is able to obtain nutrients and water from its top part. From root system only it will get those necessary nutrients. Likewise every new updating knowledge will come through our basic knowledge, if not we won’t be able to understand those. We must remember that there must be difficulties and unpleasant points in our life to make our future a brighter and comfortable one like the great Philosopher, Aristotle.

Skills audit

Level use the following scale to rate the skills checklist, Please fill In the sheet as accurately as possible so as to get the maximum benefit from the exercise; Your skill In the area 1 unskilled 2 very poor 3 poor 4 passable 5 adequate 6 satisfactory 7 good 8 very good 9 excellent 10 outstanding Importance In vocational area Irrelevant 2 unnecessary 3 a little relevant 4 relevant 5 of some use 6 useful 7 beneficial 8 very beneficial 9 valuable 10 essential Interpersonal skills My skill Importance Difference In ratings Able to Interact successfully with a wide range of people.Knows how to interpret & use body engage 9 7 10-1 -3 10 Oral communication skills My skill Importance Difference in ratings Presents information & ideas clearly with content & style appropriate for the audience. Presents opinions & ideas in an open & objective way 107 +3 Counseling skills My skill Importance Difference in ratings Responds to what others have said in a non-judgmental way. Builds trust & opennes s in others 9 10-1 Teaching & training skills My skill Importance Difference In ratings Able to help others gain knowledge & skills.Able to create an effective learning environments 6 Gives feedback in a constructive way. Helps others to increase their knowledge or kills 9 10-1 Financial skills My skill Importance Difference in ratings Able to keep accurate financial records. Able to manage a budget 6 10-4 Persuading skills My skill Importance Difference in ratings Communicates effectively to Justify a position or influence a decision.Able to sell products & promote ideas 8 9 -1 Care giving skills My skill Importance Difference in ratings Able to empathic with others; able to give sensitive care to people who need it 9 10-1 Computer skills My skill Importance Difference in ratings Able to use a variety of software programs; knowledge about social media, desk top publishing or web design 106 +4 Customer service skills My skill Importance Difference in ratings Able to build a relation ship of mutual trust with clients.Able to handle complaints & concerns in a sensitive way 10 100 Planning skills My skill Importance Difference in ratings Able to plan projects, events & activities; able to establish objectives, needs & options. 108 +2 Research skills skill Importance Difference in ratings Knows how to find & collect relevant information; able to analyses data, summaries findings & write a report 8 8 0 Write down the skills where you have the highest negative scores: Able to keep accurate financial records. Able to manage a budget. (6) Able to help others gain knowledge & skills.Able to create an effective learning environment. (7) Knows how to find & collect relevant information; able to analyses data, summaries findings & write a report. (8) Which THREE skills are the most important to address for your vocational area? 1 Able to interact successfully with a wide range of people. Knows how to interpret & use body language. 2 Communicates effectively to Justify a po sition or influence a decision. Able to sell products & promote ideas. 3 Able to build a relationship of mutual trust with clients. Able to handle complaints & concerns in a sensitive way.How are you going to improve? For skill 1 – I will connect instantly with someone I. E shake hands. I will also show agreement, mirror expressions and postures. For skill 2 – I will Develop a listening strategy. Overall, I can personalize my sales points, preferences and needs. For skill 3 – I will practice empathy. Putting myself in the position of another person will allow me to see things from a different perspective. When people feel understood, they tend to be less combative, leading to greater understanding and unity.

Best and Worst Educational Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Best and Worst Educational Experience - Essay Example In fact, it has always been my least favorite subject. Going through school, I often wondered why I needed to do so many English related tasks, and in wondering, I learned to detest the subject without realizing its future benefits. I suppose my dislike for the subject has become greater through the eighteen some years that I have been learning the different components of the English language. It was more like I was learning new things - things that I did not learn at home or in pre-school - like reading, writing, and grammar. It felt good to finally know how to read and write. These were things that once I learned them, I was using them everyday. Not only did I use the knowledge to read a story in reading class or to do a writing assignment, but to maybe read the newspaper and write a note to a friend as well. However, then came junior high school. I believe this was when I began to really dislike English classes. Not only was I faced with the same long, boring grammar assignments that I was exposed to in elementary school, but I also had to start reading long books on topics that didn't really excite me.

Social Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Law - Essay Example Link between corporate crime and Social crime Corporate crimes engage planning, tactical residency the deviance ought to be harmful to people exterior of a corporation or rather the deviance of corporate representatives ought to extend the intentions and desires of a Corporation. The deviance should be supported or abided by top administrative and/or colleagues. The prime recipient of this deviant deed is the corporation. Social crime denotes a cluster of peoples who occupy a comparable place in the economic structure of production. In that classification profession is extremely vital since it offers monetary incentives, steadiness and benefits like healthcare. Has the law’s view of the criminal responsibility of corporations changed over the years? The conclusion of the century provides a chance to mirror on legal replies to alterations in social and monetary organization. Increasing dependence on sophisticated expertise, the developing trendy terminology of risk, and endeavo rs to position the wherewithal of criminal law in opposition to business ventures are a number of the expressions of those alterations. There has developed a debate concerning probable criminal accountability for 'Millennium Bug' tragedies captures these prime features of modern life. Civil and Criminal Law Civil decree endeavors to determine non-criminal arguments for instance divergences over the connotations of contracts, land ownership, annulment, child care, and harms for individual and property denting. Civil law ought to be used since its purpose is to give a legal solution to resolve problems. Criminal decree is that organization of the decree that tackles conduct deemed so dangerous to community entirely that it is forbidden by statute, impeached and penalized by the governing body (Gardner and Terry, 17). Criminal law is a matter of enforcement looking in the sheriff viewpoint. A sheriff is a bureaucrat of the court, plus his chief purpose and role is to serve and performs the diverse legal courses and mandates issued. Secondly, Divisional and government department policies and courses are reliable throughout the court case law in the U.S. These rules are crafted and established to cover the accurate, prompt, and judicious service and implementation of all matters regarding the enforcement of consents and course. Thirdly, the FEC has private power over the public enforcement of the centralized fight against finance law. In implementing that influence, the Commission utilizes a multiplicity of techniques to uncover probable election law breaches. How crime in the streets is viewed versus how crime in the suites is viewed by society? By means of burglary and fraud as two paradigms, the judgments indicate that public viewpoints of sanction conviction and relentlessness advocated that street criminals were exceptionally credible to be caught and be judged to more harsh sentences as opposed to white-collar criminals. There is much debate on which crime sh ould be punished severely. Both crimes are perceived to receive the exact sentence and are at par. With this in consideration, there is no varying perception in crime in the suites, and it is not supposed to be changing. Question Two Functionalist verses Conflict view of change Conflict philosophers perceive social change as happening merely via infighting amid social classes. Even as, it is factual that numerous revolutions have emerged in the emergence of class plus/or cluster conflict, it is a terrific deal different from the outlook functionalists inclination. Functionalists characteristically employ the additional tangible factors, for example, population development and industrial advances as pioneering the indict

Renewable Energy Future for the Developing World Essay

Renewable Energy Future for the Developing World - Essay Example The greatest concern of the major multiples, especially Tesco in regards to political activity, relates to the rulings of the Monopolies and Mergers Commission which can prevent supermarkets from establishing themselves in certain locations because of anti-competition legislation. Similarly, legislation relating to anti-competition activities, such as price fixing and cartel-like activity, can prompt investigation from the Government body known as the Office of Fair Trading (OFT 2011). However, such investigations on a national scale are relatively rare and the large supermarkets are seldom investigated for such activity. There is also a need to consider legislation and regulation, the UK food and retail sector is covered by numerous laws, codes of practice and regulations. One such regulator, Food Standards Agency, has a statutory right to protect the public the consumer in relation to food and drink such as correct labelling, food sell by dates, hygiene etc. There is also European legislation, General food law and Codex (Food Standards Agency 2012). ... K economy has been in and out of recession since 2008, interest rates have been reduced to historic lows to try and stimulate growth and minimize the rise in unemployment, which has risen sharply since 2009 (BBC 2012a). Although the UK food and retail market itself has remained relatively stable because people need food, there have been marked shifts in consumer spending habits as consumers cut back and â€Å"trade down† from premium brands to supermarkets’ own branded labels, or even switch to cheaper rivals (Hall 2011). This is set against the context of rising raw material prices thanks to bad weather, the costs of which have been pushed onto the consumer. For example, according to the RPI (Poulter 2011), the average cost of a basket of â€Å"staple goods† has risen an average of 28% in real terms. It is also important to note this is closely linked to social issues such as changing consumer habits and a decline in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). In addition to these trends in the retail sector, considering performance of the sector over the past 40 years (See Figure 1), it is expected that there will be the lowest ever growth recorded for 2012 in UK’s retail sector history. The growth rate for 2012 is expected to remain 1.2 %, which is although higher than that of 2011’s growth rate (0.9 %) (SAS 2011). Figure 1: UK Retail Sector’s Growth Rates for Past 40 years (SAS 2011) Social For the UK food retail industry, it is fair to suggest that the recession and subsequent level of decreasing economic growth has caused consumers to become far more price conscious. They are demanding greater value for money and supermarkets are responding with aggressive price cuts and price wars in order to attract and retain customers (Wood 2011). As yet it is too early to determine